如何使用這份資料?
本頁針對教學中提到的每個工具、演算法與生物學概念,整理學術出處供讀者深入查閱。引用標籤含義:
For every tool, algorithm, and biological concept mentioned in the tutorial, this page collects academic sources for deeper reading. Citation tag meanings:
Paper
原始論文 · 含 DOI / PubMed
Primary papers with DOI / PubMed
Doc
官方文件、vignette、tutorial
Official documentation, vignettes, tutorials
Best Practice
系統性綜述或 community 推薦
Systematic reviews and community-recommended practices
Benchmark
方法評比 / 獨立 benchmarking
Method comparisons and independent benchmarking
Database
公開資料集 / atlas
Public datasets and atlases
Book
線上免費書籍與綜合教材
Free online books and comprehensive textbooks
本頁目錄
⭐ Best Practices 綜述論文
整體 ST 分析流程的權威性綜述與線上書籍。建議從這幾篇開始建立全景觀。
Authoritative reviews and online books covering the full ST analysis workflow. Start with these to build a panoramic view.
- ★ BEST Best practices for single-cell analysis across modalities. Nature Reviews Genetics 24, 550–572 (2023). (含 spatial 章節)(includes a spatial chapter)
- 📚 BOOK Orchestrating Spatially Resolved Transcriptomics Analysis with Bioconductor (OSTA). 線上免費書,定期更新。Free online book, regularly updated.
- ★ REVIEW Museum of spatial transcriptomics. Nat Methods 19, 534–546 (2022).
- ⭐ REVIEW An introduction to spatial transcriptomics for biomedical research. Genome Med 14, 68 (2022).
- ⭐ REVIEW The dawn of spatial omics. Science 381(6657):eabq4964 (2023).
- ⭐ PRACTICAL Advances in spatial transcriptomics and related data analysis strategies. J Transl Med 21, 330 (2023).
🧰 核心分析框架
ST 分析的軟體生態系:Seurat (R)、Scanpy (Python) 各自有專屬 spatial 模組;Squidpy 是 Scanpy 的 spatial 擴充;SpatialData 提供統一資料容器;Giotto 是 R 端較完整的 spatial 套件。
The ST analysis software ecosystem: Seurat (R) and Scanpy (Python) each have dedicated spatial modules; Squidpy is the spatial extension for Scanpy; SpatialData provides a unified data container; Giotto is the more comprehensive spatial package on the R side.
- PAPER · Seurat v5(spatial 重寫) Dictionary learning for integrative, multimodal and scalable single-cell analysis. Nat Biotechnol 42, 293–304 (2024).
- PAPER · Squidpy Squidpy: a scalable framework for spatial omics analysis. Nat Methods 19, 171–178 (2022).
- PAPER · SpatialData SpatialData: an open and universal data framework for spatial omics. Nat Methods 22, 58–62 (2025).
- PAPER · Giotto Suite Giotto Suite: a multi-scale and technology-agnostic spatial multi-omics analysis ecosystem. Genome Biol 26, 215 (2025). (前作 Dries et al. Genome Biol 22:78, 2021)(predecessor: Dries et al. Genome Biol 22:78, 2021)
- DOC · stLearn stLearn · 把 H&E 形態學 + spatial neighborhood 整合到 normalization / clustering / pseudotime。stLearn · integrates H&E morphology + spatial neighborhood into normalization / clustering / pseudotime. Pham et al., bioRxiv 2020; Nat Comm 2023 (升級版)Nat Comm 2023 (upgraded version)。
- DOC · SpatialExperiment SpatialExperiment: infrastructure for spatially resolved transcriptomics data in R using Bioconductor. Bioinformatics 38(11):3128–3131 (2022).
🌐 總覽 (Overview)
- PAPER · 原始 Spatial Transcriptomics(首篇) Visualization and analysis of gene expression in tissue sections by spatial transcriptomics. Science 353(6294):78–82 (2016). (ST 領域奠基文)(Foundational paper of the ST field)
- ⭐ Method of the Year Method of the Year 2020: spatially resolved transcriptomics. Nat Methods 18, 1 (2021).
- ⭐ REVIEW Exploring tissue architecture using spatial transcriptomics. Nature 596, 211–220 (2021).
🔬 平台比較 (Platforms)
平台選擇與綜合比較
- ⭐ PRACTICAL GUIDE A practical guide for choosing an optimal spatial transcriptomics technology from seven major commercially available options. BMC Genomics 26, 78 (2025).
- BENCH · SpatialBenchVisium Benchmarking spatial transcriptomics technologies with the multi-sample SpatialBenchVisium dataset. Genome Biol 26, 79 (2025).
- BENCH · subcellular 平台技術比較 Comparative analysis of multiplexed in situ gene expression profiling technologies (Xenium / MERSCOPE / CosMx). eLife 13:RP96949 (2024).
- BENCH · FFPE imaging-based 三家對照 Comparison of imaging-based single-cell resolution spatial transcriptomics profiling platforms using FFPE tumor samples. Nat Commun 16 (2025).
個別平台原始論文
- PAPER · 10x Visium HD Characterization of immune cell populations in the tumor microenvironment of colorectal cancer using high definition spatial profiling. bioRxiv 2024.06.04.597233. (Visium HD 早期應用)(Early Visium HD application)
- PAPER · Slide-seq V2 Highly sensitive spatial transcriptomics at near-cellular resolution with Slide-seqV2. Nat Biotechnol 39, 313–319 (2021).
- PAPER · Stereo-seq Spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas of mouse organogenesis using DNA nanoball-patterned arrays. Cell 185(10):1777–1792.e21 (2022).
- PAPER · 10x Xenium High resolution mapping of the tumor microenvironment using integrated single-cell, spatial and in situ analysis. Nat Commun 14, 8353 (2023). (Xenium 原始驗證)(Original Xenium validation)
- PAPER · MERFISH Spatially resolved, highly multiplexed RNA profiling in single cells. Science 348(6233):aaa6090 (2015).
- PAPER · CosMx SMI High-plex imaging of RNA and proteins at subcellular resolution in fixed tissue by spatial molecular imaging. Nat Biotechnol 40, 1794–1806 (2022).
- PAPER · STARmap / STARmap PLUS Three-dimensional intact-tissue sequencing of single-cell transcriptional states. Science 361(6400):eaat5691 (2018).
- PAPER · GeoMx DSP Multiplex digital spatial profiling of proteins and RNA in fixed tissue. Nat Biotechnol 38, 586–599 (2020).
🧪 品質管控 (Quality Control)
- PAPER · SpotSweeper(空間感知 QC) SpotSweeper: spatially-aware quality control for spatial transcriptomics. Nat Methods 22, 1130–1133 (2025) (bioRxiv 2024).
- ⭐ TIP OSTA「Quality control」章節:spot/cell-level metrics 與 spatial outlier 流程。OSTA "Quality control" chapter: spot/cell-level metrics and spatial outlier workflows.
- DOC · scater isOutlier Scater: pre-processing, quality control, normalization and visualization of single-cell RNA-seq data in R. Bioinformatics 33(8):1179–1186 (2017). (MAD 自適應閾值,spot QC 通用)(MAD-based adaptive thresholds, widely used for spot QC)
- ⭐ PRACTICAL A Practical Guide to Spatial Transcriptomics: Lessons from over 1000 Samples. Preprints 2025.
- PAPER · Xenium QC 與 best practice Optimizing Xenium In Situ data utility by quality assessment and best-practice analysis workflows. Nat Methods (2025).
⚖️ 標準化 (Normalization)
- PAPER · LogNormalize Comprehensive Integration of Single-Cell Data. Cell 177(7):1888–1902.e21 (2019).
- PAPER · SCTransform Normalization and variance stabilization of single-cell RNA-seq data using regularized negative binomial regression. Genome Biol 20:296 (2019).
- PAPER · scran size factor Pooling across cells to normalize single-cell RNA sequencing data with many zero counts. Genome Biol 17:75 (2016).
- BENCH · 轉換方法比較 Comparison of transformations for single-cell RNA-seq data. Nat Methods 20, 665–672 (2023). (spot/scRNA 通用)(applies to both spot-level and scRNA data)
- ⭐ TIP OSTA「Normalization」章節 · 對 ST 特有的 mixed-cell spot 提出注意事項。OSTA "Normalization" chapter · notes on the mixed-cell spot situation unique to ST.
📉 降維與特徵 (Dimensionality Reduction)
- PAPER · BANKSY BANKSY unifies cell typing and tissue domain segmentation for scalable spatial omics data analysis. Nat Genet 56, 431–441 (2024).
- PAPER · UMAP UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction. arXiv:1802.03426 (2018).
- PAPER · 提醒 UMAP 不過度解讀 The specious art of single-cell genomics. PLoS Comput Biol 19(8):e1011288 (2023).
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DOC · Seurat v5 BANKSY 整合
Seurat v5 內建
RunBanksy(),可直接搭配 Visium / Visium HD / Xenium。Seurat v5 has built-inRunBanksy(), directly compatible with Visium / Visium HD / Xenium.
🧩 空間區域辨識 (Spatial Domains)
主流方法
- PAPER · BayesSpace Spatial transcriptomics at subspot resolution with BayesSpace. Nat Biotechnol 39, 1375–1384 (2021).
- PAPER · SpaGCN SpaGCN: Integrating gene expression, spatial location and histology to identify spatial domains and spatially variable genes by graph convolutional network. Nat Methods 18, 1342–1351 (2021).
- PAPER · STAGATE Deciphering spatial domains from spatially resolved transcriptomics with an adaptive graph attention auto-encoder. Nat Commun 13, 1739 (2022).
- PAPER · GraphST Spatially informed clustering, integration, and deconvolution of spatial transcriptomics with GraphST. Nat Commun 14, 1155 (2023).
- PAPER · BANKSY BANKSY unifies cell typing and tissue domain segmentation for scalable spatial omics data analysis. Nat Genet 56, 431–441 (2024).
Benchmark
- BENCH · 2025 NAR Benchmarking computational methods for detecting spatial domains and domain-specific spatially variable genes from spatial transcriptomics data. Nucleic Acids Res 53(7):gkaf303 (2025). (GraphST 在 Visium 上整體第一)(GraphST ranks first overall on Visium)
✨ 空間變異基因 (Spatially Variable Genes)
- PAPER · SpatialDE SpatialDE: identification of spatially variable genes. Nat Methods 15, 343–346 (2018).
- PAPER · SPARK / SPARK-X Statistical analysis of spatial expression patterns for spatially resolved transcriptomic studies (SPARK). Nat Methods 17, 193–200 (2020). · Zhu J, Sun S, Zhou X. Genome Biol 22:184 (2021) SPARK-X。
- PAPER · nnSVG nnSVG for the scalable identification of spatially variable genes using nearest-neighbor Gaussian processes. Nat Commun 14, 4059 (2023).
- PAPER · Moran's I Notes on continuous stochastic phenomena. Biometrika 37(1/2):17–23 (1950). (經典空間自相關,Squidpy 內建)(Classic spatial autocorrelation; built into Squidpy)
- BENCH · 2025 systematic Systematic benchmarking of computational methods to identify spatially variable genes. Genome Biol 26, 246 (2025). (SPARK-X 第一,Moran's I 為強大基線)(SPARK-X ranks first; Moran's I is a strong baseline)
- BENCH · 2024 Genome Biol Disparities in spatially variable gene calling highlight the need for benchmarking spatial transcriptomics methods. Genome Biol 24, 209 (2023).
🧬 細胞類型解卷積 (Deconvolution)
- PAPER · cell2location Cell2location maps fine-grained cell types in spatial transcriptomics. Nat Biotechnol 40, 661–671 (2022).
- PAPER · RCTD Robust decomposition of cell type mixtures in spatial transcriptomics. Nat Biotechnol 40, 517–526 (2022).
- PAPER · CARD Spatially informed cell-type deconvolution for spatial transcriptomics. Nat Biotechnol 40, 1349–1359 (2022).
- PAPER · SPOTlight SPOTlight: seeded NMF regression to deconvolute spatial transcriptomics spots with single-cell transcriptomes. Nucleic Acids Res 49(9):e50 (2021).
- PAPER · Tangram Deep learning and alignment of spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes with Tangram. Nat Methods 18, 1352–1362 (2021).
- PAPER · STdeconvolve(reference-free) Reference-free cell type deconvolution of multi-cellular pixel-resolution spatially resolved transcriptomics data. Nat Commun 13, 2339 (2022).
- BENCH · 2023 Nat Comm Benchmarking spatial and single-cell transcriptomics integration methods for transcript distribution prediction and cell type deconvolution. Nat Commun 14, 1548 (2023). (CARD / Cell2location / Tangram 居前列)(CARD / Cell2location / Tangram rank at the top)
- BENCH · Spotless Spotless: a reproducible pipeline for benchmarking cell type deconvolution in spatial transcriptomics. eLife 13:e88431 (2024).
- ⭐ TIP OSTA「Deconvolution」章節 · 包括 RCTD / cell2location / Tangram / SPOTlight 教學程式碼。OSTA "Deconvolution" chapter · tutorial code for RCTD / cell2location / Tangram / SPOTlight.
🔗 與 scRNA-seq 整合 (sc-Spatial Integration)
- PAPER · Tangram Deep learning and alignment of spatially resolved single-cell transcriptomes with Tangram. Nat Methods 18, 1352–1362 (2021).
- PAPER · CytoSPACE High-resolution alignment of single-cell and spatial transcriptomes with CytoSPACE. Nat Biotechnol 41, 1543–1548 (2023).
- PAPER · STEM STEM enables mapping of single-cell and spatial transcriptomics data with transfer learning. Commun Biol 7, 56 (2024).
- PAPER · SpaGE(基因 imputation) SpaGE: Spatial Gene Enhancement using scRNA-seq. Nucleic Acids Res 48(18):e107 (2020).
- PAPER · gimVI A joint model of unpaired data from scRNA-seq and spatial transcriptomics for imputing missing gene expression measurements. arXiv:1905.02269 (2019).
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DOC · Seurat label transfer
Seurat
FindTransferAnchors()+TransferData()應用於 ST。Applying SeuratFindTransferAnchors()+TransferData()to ST.
💬 空間細胞通訊 (Cell-Cell Communication)
- PAPER · CellChat v2 (spatial) CellChat for systematic analysis of cell–cell communication from single-cell and spatially resolved transcriptomics. Nat Protoc 20, 180–219 (2025) (含 v2 spatial mode)(includes v2 spatial mode)。
- PAPER · COMMOT Screening cell–cell communication in spatial transcriptomics via collective optimal transport. Nat Methods 20, 218–228 (2023).
- PAPER · NicheNet NicheNet: modeling intercellular communication by linking ligands to target genes. Nat Methods 17, 159–162 (2020).
- PAPER · LIANA / LIANA+ (cross-method consensus) LIANA+ provides an all-in-one framework for cell-cell communication inference. Nat Cell Biol 26, 1613–1622 (2024).
- PAPER · SpaTalk Knowledge-graph-based cell-cell communication inference for spatially resolved transcriptomic data with SpaTalk. Nat Commun 13, 4429 (2022).
- PAPER · DeepLinc / GraphCommunication De novo reconstruction of cell interaction landscapes from single-cell spatial transcriptome data with DeepLinc. Genome Biol 23, 124 (2022).
- ⭐ REVIEW The landscape of cell–cell communication through single-cell transcriptomics. Curr Opin Syst Biol 26, 12–23 (2021).
🏘️ 生態棲位 (Niche & Microenvironment)
- PAPER · CellCharter CellCharter reveals spatial cell niches associated with tissue remodeling and cell plasticity. Nat Genet 56, 74–84 (2024).
- PAPER · NicheCompass Quantitative characterization of cell niches in spatially resolved omics data. Nat Genet 57, 902–912 (2025).
- PAPER · MISTy Explainable multiview framework for dissecting spatial relationships from highly multiplexed data. Genome Biol 23, 97 (2022).
- PAPER · UTAG Unsupervised discovery of tissue architecture in multiplexed imaging. Nat Methods 19, 1653–1661 (2022).
- PAPER · Cellular Neighborhood (CODEX origin) Coordinated cellular neighborhoods orchestrate antitumoral immunity at the colorectal cancer invasive front. Cell 182(5):1341–1359.e19 (2020). (CN 概念奠基)(Foundational paper for the CN concept)
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DOC · Squidpy nhood_enrichment
Squidpy
sq.gr.nhood_enrichment· 最簡單的 cluster 鄰接富集檢定。Squidpysq.gr.nhood_enrichment· the simplest cluster neighborhood enrichment test. -
DOC · Seurat BuildNicheAssay
Seurat v5
BuildNicheAssay()· Visium / Xenium 直接做 niche cluster。Seurat v5BuildNicheAssay()· directly run niche clustering on Visium / Xenium.
🛤️ 空間軌跡 (Spatial Trajectory)
- PAPER · ONTraC(niche trajectory) ONTraC characterizes spatially continuous variations of tissue microenvironment through niche trajectory analysis. Genome Biol 26, 130 (2025).
- PAPER · SpaceFlow Identifying multicellular spatiotemporal organization of cells with SpaceFlow. Nat Commun 13, 4076 (2022).
- PAPER · stLearn PSTS Robust mapping of spatiotemporal trajectories and cell–cell interactions in healthy and diseased tissues. Nat Commun 14, 7739 (2023).
- PAPER · Monocle3 (cell-level pseudotime) The single-cell transcriptional landscape of mammalian organogenesis. Nature 566, 496–502 (2019).
- PAPER · scVelo Generalizing RNA velocity to transient cell states through dynamical modeling. Nat Biotechnol 38, 1408–1414 (2020).
- ⭐ REVIEW Spatial Transcriptomics Brings New Challenges and Opportunities for Trajectory Inference. Annu Rev Biomed Data Sci 8, 309–333 (2025).
🧱 多樣本整合與 3D 重建 (Multi-sample / 3D)
- PAPER · PASTE Alignment and integration of spatial transcriptomics data. Nat Methods 19, 567–575 (2022).
- PAPER · PASTE2 Partial alignment of multi-slice spatially resolved transcriptomics data with PASTE2. Genome Res (2024).
- PAPER · STAligner Integrating spatial transcriptomics data across different conditions, technologies and developmental stages. Nat Comput Sci 3, 894–906 (2023).
- PAPER · STAIR Spatial transcriptomic alignment, integration, and 3D reconstruction by STAIR. Genome Biol 26, 312 (2025).
- PAPER · Harmony Fast, sensitive and accurate integration of single-cell data with Harmony. Nat Methods 16, 1289–1296 (2019).
- PAPER · scVI / scANVI Deep generative modeling for single-cell transcriptomics. Nat Methods 15, 1053–1058 (2018).
- BENCH · ST batch effect Towards a Better Understanding of Batch Effects in Spatial Transcriptomics: Definition and Method Evaluation. bioRxiv 2025.03.12.642755.
- DOC · Sketching + Harmony for HD JEFworks lab:Multi-sample integrative analysis of spatial transcriptomics data using sketching and Harmony in Seurat. JEFworks lab: Multi-sample integrative analysis of spatial transcriptomics data using sketching and Harmony in Seurat.
✂️ 細胞切割 (Cell Segmentation)
- PAPER · Cellpose Cellpose: a generalist algorithm for cellular segmentation. Nat Methods 18, 100–106 (2021). · Cellpose 2/3:Nat Methods 19/22 (2022/2025)。Cellpose 2/3: Nat Methods 19/22 (2022/2025).
- PAPER · Baysor Cell segmentation in imaging-based spatial transcriptomics. Nat Biotechnol 40, 345–354 (2022).
- PAPER · proseg Cell simulation as cell segmentation. Nat Methods 22, 1184–1193 (2025).
- PAPER · StarDist Cell Detection with Star-convex Polygons. MICCAI (2018).
- PAPER · Mesmer (DeepCell) Whole-cell segmentation of tissue images with human-level performance using large-scale data annotation and deep learning. Nat Biotechnol 40, 555–565 (2022).
- PAPER · UCS(unified seg) UCS: A Unified Approach to Cell Segmentation for Subcellular Spatial Transcriptomics. Small Methods (2025).
- BENCH · 切割評估盲點 Segmentation Matters: Recognizing the Cell Segmentation Challenge in Spatial Transcriptomics. bioRxiv 2025.08.25.672145.
- ⭐ TIP OSTA「Segmentation」章節 · 切割工具與下游 cell × gene 矩陣建構。OSTA "Segmentation" chapter · segmentation tools and downstream construction of cell × gene matrices.
🖼️ Visium HD 與病理影像整合 (HD & Histology)
Visium HD 工作流程
- DOC · Visium HD with Seurat v5 Analysis, visualization, and integration of Visium HD spatial datasets with Seurat.
- DOC · Visium HD cell segmentation workflow Analysis and visualization of Visium HD data with cell segmentations in Seurat.
- DOC · 10x Genomics Visium HD Visium HD Spatial Gene Expression · 官方產品頁面與分析指南。Visium HD Spatial Gene Expression · official product page and analysis guides.
- ⭐ TIP OSTA Visium HD(binned & segmented)兩種工作流程章節。OSTA Visium HD chapters covering both binned and segmented workflows.
H&E 影像與 vision-omics
- DB · HEST-1k HEST-1k: A Dataset for Spatial Transcriptomics and Histology Image Analysis. NeurIPS Datasets and Benchmarks (2024).
- PAPER · vision-omics foundation model A visual–omics foundation model to bridge histopathology with spatial transcriptomics. Nat Methods (2025).
- PAPER · Thor Thor: a platform for cell-level investigation of spatial transcriptomics and histology. Nat Commun 16 (2025).
- PAPER · Hist2ST / ST-Net (H&E → expression 預測) Integrating spatial gene expression and breast tumour morphology via deep learning. Nat Biomed Eng 4, 827–834 (2020). (ST-Net)
- PAPER · MUSE (multimodal spatial) Integrative spatial analysis of cell morphologies and transcriptional states with MUSE. Nat Biotechnol 40, 1200–1209 (2022).
🗄️ 公開資料集 / Atlas
- DB · 10x Genomics datasets 10x Genomics 官方公開 Visium / Visium HD / Xenium 範例資料(含 H&E、cloupe、AnnData)。Official 10x Genomics public Visium / Visium HD / Xenium sample data (including H&E, cloupe, AnnData).
- DB · MOSTA (Stereo-seq mouse atlas) MOSTA — Mouse Organogenesis Spatiotemporal Atlas (Stereo-seq, E9.5–E16.5)。MOSTA — Mouse Organogenesis Spatiotemporal Atlas (Stereo-seq, E9.5–E16.5).
📌 教學註記與細節
下方為閱讀本 Spatial Transcriptomics 教學 HTML 與本 reference 比對後,發現的可能不完整、易誤解或可加強之處。不修改原教學檔案,僅在此說明以利參照。
Below are points discovered while cross-checking the tutorial HTML against this reference list — places that may be incomplete, easily misread, or worth expanding. The original tutorial files are not modified; clarifications are provided here for cross-reference.
Visium spot ≠ single cell:解析度的真實意義
教學以 10x Visium 為 spatial transcriptomics 入門平台。需釐清關鍵概念:標準 Visium 的 55 μm spot 在大多數組織內覆蓋 1–10 個細胞,並非單細胞解析度。實務影響:(1) 一個 spot 的表達 profile 是 多細胞混合訊號,cluster 直接對應「組織區域」而非「細胞型別」;(2) 後續若要解構成 cell-type proportions,必須做 deconvolution(cell2location、RCTD、SpatialDWLS);(3) Visium HD (2024) 將 capture 縮至 2 μm bin,可近似 subcellular,但需 binning 至 8/16 μm 才有穩定 UMI 數;單細胞解析度仍以 Stereo-seq、Slide-seqV2、Xenium 較直接。Ståhl et al. 2016 Science 353:78(原始 ST 技術)。
MERFISH / Xenium(imaging)vs Visium / Slide-seq(sequencing)
教學常將「spatial transcriptomics」當成一個技術類,實則 分為兩大典範,資料屬性與分析流程根本不同:
(1) Sequencing-based(NGS 讀出)—Visium、Slide-seq、Stereo-seq、HDST、DBiT-seq:對 capture spot/bead 上 RNA 加 spatial barcode 後 cDNA → NGS;覆蓋全轉錄組(~20k 基因,untargeted),但解析度受 spot 大小限制(2–100 μm),每個位點 UMI 計數低;下游近似 scRNA-seq matrix。
(2) Imaging-based / single-molecule FISH—MERFISH、seqFISH+、10x Xenium、Vizgen MERSCOPE、NanoString CosMx:用 targeted probe panel (100–1000 基因) + 多輪 hybridization 顯微鏡讀出,提供 真正 subcellular (~100–300 nm)、單分子計數、但僅限預選基因。
影響:(a) imaging-based 不適合 hypothesis-free 探索新 marker;(b) sequencing-based 不能談 subcellular localization;(c) cell segmentation 在 imaging-based 是核心問題(Baysor / Cellpose),sequencing-based 則做 deconvolution。Chen et al. 2015 Science 348:aaa6090(MERFISH); Janesick et al. 2023 Nat Commun 14:8353(Xenium)。
Deconvolution:cell2location vs RCTD vs SpatialDWLS
由於 Visium spot 為多細胞混合,deconvolution(從 reference scRNA-seq 估計每個 spot 的 cell-type proportions)是核心後續分析。教學若僅提一種方法易誤導,三大方法取捨:
cell2location (Kleshchevnikov 2022 Nat Biotechnol 40:661)—Bayesian hierarchical model + variational inference,明確 model spot-level total mRNA count 與 technology-specific over-dispersion,估計 絕對細胞數 而非僅比例;適合稀有細胞型,需 GPU、收斂時間長。
RCTD (Cable 2022 Nat Biotechnol 40:517)—Poisson regression + constrained MLE,分 doublet/full mode,速度快、CPU 即可;單 mode 假設 spot ≤2 種 cell type,Visium 可能不適。
SpatialDWLS (Dong & Yuan 2021 Genome Biol 22:145)—weighted least squares,速度最快但對 reference imbalance 敏感。
Benchmark (Li et al. 2022 Nat Methods 19:662):cell2location 在 cell-type detection 與絕對量化最準確;RCTD 在計算效率最佳;SPOTlight 在跨平台一致性較弱。所有方法皆 依賴 reference scRNA-seq 的細胞型涵蓋完整性,缺失型別會被強制分配給最接近者。
Niche / CCC:COMMOT、CellChat、NICHES 假設不可忽略
教學常以「spatial 可以做 cell-cell communication (CCC)」為賣點,但 多數 CCC 工具(CellChat、NicheNet、CellPhoneDB)原為 scRNA-seq 設計,無空間資訊,僅以 ligand–receptor 共表達推論「可能交互作用」。空間版本如:
COMMOT (Cang et al. 2023 Nat Methods 20:218)—optimal transport-based,明確將細胞間距離納入 ligand-receptor flux 推論,假設訊號為 unbalanced OT 過程、空間衰減 kernel 為 exponential;參數選擇(衰減尺度、receptor saturation)強烈影響結果。
NICHES (Raredon 2023 Bioinformatics 39:btac775)—把每對 neighboring cells 變成新 observation,便於後續 ML 分析。
共同陷阱:(1) ligand-receptor 共表達 ≠ 實際 signaling,無下游通路活化證據;(2) 訊息單向性常被忽略;(3) RNA-level 共表達 ≠ protein-level 互作(如分泌型 ligand 可能來自遠處);(4) Visium 解析度下,spot 內訊號是混合,不能直接讀為「細胞A→細胞B」。建議與 ATAC、proteomics、實驗驗證(共培養、活體 reporter)整合。
Panel bias:Xenium / MERSCOPE 受限於預選基因
imaging-based 技術(Xenium、MERSCOPE、CosMx)的關鍵限制:整個實驗只能測量預先設計的 panel(通常 100–1000 基因),這直接造成 結構性 selection bias:(1) 無法發現未被 panel 包含的新 marker / cell state;(2) cell-type annotation 受限於 panel 對該型別 marker 的涵蓋程度,rare 或 transitional state 容易被 collapse 到鄰近 cluster;(3) panel 在不同組織不通用—Xenium Human Breast panel 用在腎臟結果可信度大幅下降;(4) cross-panel benchmark 困難,因為兩個 panel 的基因集不重合,做 batch correction 也只能在交集上做。實務建議:(a) 先用 Visium / scRNA-seq 探索 → 再用 imaging-based 量化驗證;(b) 自訂 panel 時,需含 housekeeping、所有預期 cell type 的 ≥3 個 markers、cell-state continuum 的轉換 markers;(c) 報告必須宣告 panel composition 與設計依據。Janesick et al. 2023 Nat Commun 14:8353(Xenium breast benchmark vs Visium / scFFPE)。
高解析度 sequencing-based 平台對比
2023–2024 出現多個 sub-cellular sequencing-based 平台,常被混淆,技術細節對比:
Visium HD (10x, 2024)—2 μm × 2 μm capture squares 連續排列(無 gap)、推薦 binning 至 8 μm / 16 μm 分析;面積 6.5 × 6.5 mm;untargeted whole transcriptome;FFPE compatible;資料量極大(單樣本可達 TB 級 raw images + UMI matrix),需要 Space Ranger 3.0+。
Stereo-seq (BGI, Chen et al. 2022 Cell 185:1777)—DNA nanoball (DNB) chip,~220 nm spot 中心距、~500 nm spot 直徑;面積可達 cm² 級(適合整個小鼠胚胎切片);whole transcriptome;data analysis 以 Stereopy / SAW pipeline 為主。
Slide-seqV2 (Stickels et al. 2021 Nat Biotechnol 39:313)—10 μm beads 隨機排列,解析度單細胞級但 capture efficiency 約 Visium 一半;面積較小(~3 mm puck);2024 之後使用度下降。
取捨:(a) Visium HD 與 10x 生態整合最完整、商業支援;(b) Stereo-seq 解析度最高、適合 organ-scale 但 pipeline 較 BGI 專屬;(c) 三者皆需 binning 才能達到統計穩定 UMI;naive 2 μm bin 分析會極度 sparse;(d) FFPE support 目前 Visium HD 最成熟,Stereo-seq 主要 fresh frozen。